Lydia ZIANE CHAOUCHE1, Marie DUHAMEL1, Antonella RAFFO-ROMERO1, Nawale HAJJAJI1,2, Firas KOBEISSY3, Adeline COZZANI4, Suman MITRA4, Isabelle FOURNIER1, Dasa CIZKOVA1,5, Michel SALZET1
1Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire Et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM)., Lille, France
2Breast Cancer Unit, Oscar Lambret Center. , Lille, France
3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut., Beirut. , Lebanon
4Inserm UMR1277, CNRS UMR9020-CANTHER, Université de Lille, Lille University Hospital., Lille, France
5Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 10., Bratislava, Slovakia
There is increasing interest in immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has proven effective in the treatment of hematological tumors; however, its efficacy in the treatment of solid tumors is hampered by lower intra-tumor infiltration of CAR T cells and tumor-induced immunosuppression. Macrophages play multiple roles in tumor development and represent promising therapeutic targets. Macrophages can infiltrate solid tumor tissue and promote a direct anti-tumor response. In this study, we developed macrophages expressing a CAR receptor against the HER2 antigen. 30% of macrophages express the CAR after transduction. CAR-M can specifically phagocyte HER2 coated-beads than WT macrophages. We have then confirmed the capacity of CAR-M to phagocyte HER2+ cancer cell lines. Co-culture of CAR-M with breast cancer tumoroids (HER2+ or HER2-) has also been performed demonstrating their efficacy in a more complex environment. However, in the tumor microenvironment, due to their plasticity, macrophages tend to adopt an anti-inflammatory phenotype losing their anti-tumor activities. We have therefore developed a combined strategy by inhibiting a proprotein convertases, Furin in CAR-M. The inhibition of furin induces an increase in pro-inflammatory markers and maintains macrophage activation in the presence of cancer cells. Furin inhibition in CAR-M greatly increases the phagocytic activity on Her2+ beads or Her2+ tumors. In addition, a persistent pro-inflammatory profile of furin-inhibited CAR macrophages was revealed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics with an enrichment of antigen processing and presentation, immune response and phagocytosis pathways. Our therapeutic strategy involves dual activation of tumor-infiltrating macrophages. First, we enhance macrophage phagocytic activity by expressing a CAR receptor targeting a tumor antigen. Second, we reprogram macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype.